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On Medicinal Mushrooms
by
@Quack Copyright 2006
www.MolecularDyne.com / Animal Research Center - Canine Cancer Project
INTRODUCTION
When one speaks of medicinal mushrooms, it is surprising how few people in the United States have even heard of them or their utility in the war against Cancer and other illness. A typical reply is: "Have you been smoking any? Have you gone Hippie on us or something?"
Well, it is certainly the realm of Hippies and their pipe dreams, but it is also long overdue that America learn more about them -- else this country's pharmaceutical industry will become akin to the hurting automotive industry of the 1980's.
As it was with Japan's domination of the automotive market, so it is again Japan on the front-lines of Medicine while America lags pathetically behind. Someday, foreign nations will get wise and start their own HMO's which Americans will prefer as their reliable new Toyotas. This will cause a well-deserved many billions of dollars in losses and jobs to the American medical and pharmaceutical industry. As competition increases for the same customer base and politicians hear the woes of their angry subjects, American medicine will have to reform and provide better services. But, it will not come from "Socialized Medicine" (such as found in Canada's horrible system) so much as American capitalism's copycat of those foreign emerging technologies and business models. So why not copycat now before taking such losses?!
For America to again dominate the medical industry, we must take a radical shift away from profiting by the treatment of disease and learn to profit from curing it. No easy task, indeed, but certainly within the realm of fancy Harvard and Yale MBA's to design.
What is required in making that nearly impossible task come true are not the established "intellectuals". Rather, it takes a compilation of brain power akin to the Manhattan Project's senior ranks. It takes recruitment of sharp businessmen, the best doctors, and the best scientists --- handpicked teams, not those suggested by politicians and institutions. It takes a General Groves and a non-communist Oppenheimer. It needs an ALSOS, ruthless OSS, and vicious Commerce monsters eager to see it become profitable. It must be, at the core, a strategic and economic policy decision of the United States Government and military long before it may become reality. It requires that the military's leadership consider the national disease situation and overall incompetence of Conventional Medicine as detrimental to national security; for, if they cannot even cure cancer while quacks of other nations do so with ease, how ever will they cure our future plagues?! If they continue to drug up all the children in the schools, over-vaccinate, and destroy the physical fitness of the nation's youth...where, oh Joint Chiefs, shall you acquire suitable enlisted and officer ranks in the future?!
The smart HMO which leads that agenda would have the market share of every happy American in the country with most the world at its feet, but, for today, the business ilk are still dummies taking the easy road to billions. With the pharmaceutical industry profiting by over $107 Billion from helping Americans to have digestive woes alone, this represents an ample margin of marketshare plunder for new HMO's and Alternative Medicine. It is also those future HMO's which have the ability to transform the way American Medicine navigates into the future. Be not so eager to flock to an HMO just because it peddles drugs with a Yoga class, too. There is a big, big difference between the Conventional HMO and the Quack HMO in that the latter is very cheap. Mother Teresa's hospitals served India's sickly among free clinics and homeopathy. The closer to the core of effective medical practice we venture, the less room there is for profit margin. Thus, forms of medical practice such as Homeopathy can never be profitable at the level of drug sales or services provided. The only business angle Homeopathy has dwells in its ability to save insurance providers money year after year while tending to happy, repeated clients who gladly pay into an HMO system while never using it all that much. Someday, businessmen will realize that a drugless HMO is actually more profitable and beneficial, though initially only catering to a niche market.
....If you build it, they will come! Homeopathy will certainly be a part of that; Same for the Orient's mushroom crops. Below is a listing of species and Oncology value.
MUSHROOM VARIETIES & NOTES
These notes are compiled from an excellent book on mushrooms:
In the Stamets book, he lists at least 16 mushroom varieties with some medicinal value and a couple varieties of unknown traits. Cancer patients should also take note of the immune system traits. The chart above is essentially a copycat version of Stamets' mushroom chart with additional modifications.
These mushrooms are:
| SPECIES | ANTI-CANCER | IMMUNE SYSTEM | OTHER POSITIVE | OTHER NEGATIVE |
Agaricus blazei (Himematsutake) Material availability: Stamets 7 extract, spawn kits/ culture, stores. |
Its polysaccharides promote natural killer cells that are selectively cytotoxic on tumor cells.
The cultured mycelium also produces anti-tumor compounds. This mushroom produces compounds specifically increasing apoptosis in cancerous cells. |
Produces 1-3 and 1-6 D-fractions of beta glucans, polysaccharides currently under investigation for immunopotentiation. The literature reports beta glucan levels up to 14%. | A yellowish metabolite exuded by the mycelium apparently has bactericidal properties. | Some specimens contained 1000-3200 mg/kg (.10-.32%) agaritines which are also carcinogenic. |
| Agaricus brunnescens (Portabella/Portobello)
Material availability: Fresh/ dry market supplies made into tea and soup. |
Contains compounds that inhibit the enzyme aromatase (related to tumor growth).
Potential for the treatment or prevention of breast cancer. Mice with implanted tumors showed a decrease in aromatase as mushroom consumption increased. * Controversy exists as to whether this mushroom's anti-cancer qualities observed outweigh the carcinogenic qualities noted. Intense economic motives exist on both sides of the science with seemingly prejudiced experimentation that makes results still inconclusive. |
Most notable carcinogenic hydrazine is agaritine, a powerful mutagen, which is activated by the mushroom enzyme tyrosinase, making it heat stable. Other chemical culprits worthy of concern are 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl-hydrazines and 4(hydroxymethyl) benzene diazonium ions | ||
| Coprinus comatus (The Shaggy Mane)
Material availability: Rapid decomposition of this mushroom makes it rare in the fresh or dry markets. Usually picked wild or grown on a kit. AlohaMedicinals.com sells its powder at $150/kg. Garden kits can be bought from fungi.com at $24/ 96 oz substrate block. |
Chinese reports that 'inhibition rates against Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma are 100% and 90% respectively. | A novel antibiotic has been isolated from this species. | ||
| Hypholoma sublateritium (Kuritake or Chestnut Mushroom)
Material availability: Wild, kit, or culture. Difficult to find as a commodity for purchase. |
Chinese reports that inhibition rates against sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma are 60% and 70% respectively. | |||
| Hypsizygus tessalatus (Buna-Shimeji Mushroom)
* Extrapolated linearly from mice, research suggests that humans with some cancer types might possibly benefit from daily consumption of up to 0.45 grams (or more?) of this mushroom spore & cap per every 1 pound of body weight (or 45 grams per day for every 100 pounds of body weight). Dosage as a tea. Or, the minimum dose may also prove effective. Material availability: Cultures/ Kits. Can buy in restaurants and stores. SpecialtyProduce.com sells this produce in San Diego. Highly prized gourmet mushroom (= expensive). |
Unpublished report from National Cancer Institute of Japan showed strong anti-tumor activity. Mice implanted with Lewis Lung carcinoma and given aqueous extracts of the fresh mushrooms. At a dose equivalent to 1 gram/ kilogram of body weight per day, tumors were 100% inhibited, resulting in total regression of the tumors. Control groups confirmed that, in the absence of the mushroom extract, tumors were uninhibited in their growth. No studies with human subjects have been reported | |||
| Hypsizygus ulmarius (Shirotamogitake)
Material availability: Also known as the Elm Oyster. Fungi.com sells the bulk substrate blocks at $19/ 96 oz garden kit. |
Less credible reports out of Japan, unpublished, suggest this mushroom is highly anticarcinogenic. | Traditional Chinese medicine uses mushrooms of this group for treating stomach and intestinal diseases | ||
| Lentinula edodes (Shiitake Mushroom)
* In the past twenty years, more than a hundred research papers have been published on the chemical constituents of Shiitake and their health stimulating properties. Material availability: Fresh/dry markets. Also available as extract from Fungi.com at $19.95/ oz. Available as a tea at $12.95/ box. One box makes over 12 cups. 1 oz is 28 grams of loose tea. The extract is also included in the Stamets MycoSoft formula. |
A number of anti-tumor compounds are produced in this mushroom.
Lentinan, a water-soluble polysaccharide (Beta 1,3 glucan with Beta 1,6 and Beta 1,3 glucopyranoside branchings) extracted from the mushroom, is approved as an anticancer drug in Japan. Testing almost completely regressed the solid type tumors of Sarcoma 180 and several kinds of tumors including methylchloranthrene-induced fibrosarcoma in synergic host-tumor system. The mode of activity appears to be the activation of killer and helper 'T' cells. Another polysaccharide, KS-2, isolated suppressed Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich ascotes carcinoma in mice. Other protein-bound fractions have shown differing degrees of antitumor activity. Clinical studies in patients afflicted with a variety of cancers, some with advanced malignancies, were treated with mycelially derived hemicellulose compounds and showed significant improvement. Ghoneum (1998) found that arabinoxylane, a fraction from the frementation of Shiitake, Turkey Tail Mushroom (Trametes versicolor), and the split gill mushroom (Schizophyllum commune), increased human NK activity by a factor of 5 in 2 months. Ghoneum's studies are the first clinical trials with cancer and mushrooms in the United States. |
Shiitake's mycelium produces a water soluble lignin-polysaccharide fraction, unique from lentinan, which has potent anti-viral and immunopotentiating activities.
Shiitake interrupted the replication of the type 1, herpes simplex virus. Arabinoxylane derivative from fermenting Shiitake is effective in slowing the HIV virus. |
Research isolated a novel serine proteinase inhibitor from the fruitbodies. In a study on the effect of a novel low molecular polysaccharide fraction on human cells, interleukin 1 and apoptosis on human neutrophils decreased while increasing interleukin 1 and apoptosis in the monocytic (U937) human leukemia cells.
Combination of lentinan with didanosine (ddI) showed a mean increase of 142 CD-4 cells/ mm^3 over a 12-month period compared to a decrease in CD4 cells in patients treated with ddI alone. Shiitake has also shown promise in lowering blood pressure. The cholesterol-lowing compound was identified as eritadenine, an adenine derivative. Novel antibiotics have recently been isolated from Shiitake. |
A very small percentage of individuals are allergic to Shiitake mushrooms, and a rare form of dermatitis, exacerbated by sunlight, has been reported in Japan. |
| Pholiota nameko (Nameko Mushroom)
Material availability: Japanese produce markets. Possibly specialty mushroom shops. Fungi.com sells bulk substrate blocks at $24 per 96 oz garden kit. |
A Chinese reports says water and sodium hydroxide extracts of this mushroom are 60% and 90% effective, respectively, against Sarcoma 180 implanted in white mice. | Reports of resistance to infection by Staphylococcus bacteria substantially improved. | ||
| Pleurotus citrinopileatus (Golden Oyster Mushroom)
Material availability: Sold as produce in stores. Also available as kits & cultures. |
Reports that this mushroom potentially cures pulmonary emphysema.
Possibly lowers cholesterol. |
|||
| Pleurotus ostreatus (Tree Oyster Mushroom; The Pearl Oyster Mushroom.)
Material availability: Sold by Fungi.com as extract at $19.95/ oz. Cultures & kits? |
Chinese reports state when mice were implanted with Sarcoma 180 and Oyster mushrooms constituted 20% of their daily diet, the tumors were inhibited by more than 60% after one month compared to other mice.
In another study, when rats were fed a diet of 5% Oyster mass, and administered dimethylhydrazines to induce tumors, fewer formed than in other mice. Study found that when rats were given corncobs 15% colonized by Oyster mushrooms, they were significantly protected from treatment with chemicals that otherwise induced colon cancer, reducing incidence by 47% to 26%. Corncobs without mycelium provided no protection. |
Pleurotus ostreatus and other closely related species naturally produce Lovastatin (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase), a drug approved by the FDA in 1987 for treating excessive blood cholesterol.
More Lovastatin is present in the caps than in the stems, more concentrated on the mature gills, and especially in the spores. One model showed that plasma cholesterol turnover was significantly enhanced by 50% with a corresponding 25% decrease in the liver compared to the controls. |
Workers picking mushrooms indoors commonly report allergic reactions to the spores. Symptoms include fever, headache, congestion, coughing, sneezing, nausea, and general malaise. Workers, who at first can tolerate contact with Oyster spores, often develop increased sensitivity with continued exposure.
The question as to whether or not the spores of Oyster mushrooms can carry virus harmful to humans has not yet been satisfactorily answered. Few individuals are allergic to Oyster mushrooms after they have been cooked. A comparative study of 701 patients found approximately 10% of Americans and Europeans showed an allergic response from extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus, while Psilocybe cubensis showed the highest allergic response, 12% and 16%, respectively |
|
| Pleurotus tuberregium (King Tuber Oyster Mushroom)
*Traditionally used for many ailments. Material availability: Cultures & kits. Other? |
Used as topical treatments for skin diseases, and internally for the treatment of heart disease, diabetes, and stomach disorders.
The sclerotia is used by native peoples for stomach pain, constipation, fever, blood pressure, and even smallpox. |
|||
| Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi or Ling Chi Mushroom)
* For centuries, Chinese and Japanese literature has heralded this mushroom for its health-invigorating effects, especially attributing it with increasing longevity, treatment of cancer, and resistance to and recovery from diseases. * T. Mizuno summarized the historical development of compounds extracted from this mushroom in Chemical Times (Volume 3: 50-60, 1989). * Studies have shown that, even at large doses, Reishi is non-toxic to healthy cells and is safe to consume. * Triterpene content correspondingly increased, and was more concentrated in older mushroom tissue. Material availability: Reishi is an extract in both the Stamets 7 formula and the MycoSoft formula. Mushroom sold on the fresh/ dry markets. Sold as individual extract if higher dosages desired ($19.95/oz). Also sold as tea ($12.95/box). See Fungi.com. |
In mice with lung cancer, Reishi significantly reduced the incidence of tumors.
Reishi has also been recommended as a chemopreventative agent against cancer, and markedly reduced the damaging effects of superoxide anions. Reports of two unique DNA polymerase alpha-type inhibitors from Reishi fruitbodies. These mushrooms produce compounds that are cytotoxic to the growth of cancer cells, while at the same time activating a host-mediated immune response. Polysaccharides isolated from Reishi potentiate macrophages and lymphocytes, drastically increasing interleukin-1 and interleukin-6. |
Mayan Indians traditionally employed Ganoderma in teas to fight a variety of communicable diseases.
A complex group of polysaccharides, especially beta-glucans, have been isolated from this mushroom that reportedly stimulate the immune system. Possibly stimulates the production of helper 'T' cells, which attack infected cells. Possibly useful to some types of rheumatoid arthritis. Overall, the mushroom may be an immunomodulator, not a stimulant. A novel antiviral compound has been isolated from these mushrooms and shown to reduce replication of HIV. |
Acids have also been isolated and purportedly have anti-coagulating effects on the blood and lower cholesterol levels.
Studies have been published showing its modulating effects on blood pressure and lipid levels, influence on blood glucose levels, and presence of immunomodulating proteins Alcohol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum significantly reduced T-4 leukemia cells in vitro. Studies on mice showed that unextracted 'gill powder' or ether extracts showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, comparable to hydrocortisone. Unique because anti-inflammatory drugs usually suppress the immune system while Reishi improves it. An extract from this mushroom was found to protect DNA from damage from contact with free radicals and radiation. Possibly has Viagra traits when used in older men. |
|
| Grifola frondosa (Maitake or Hen-of-the-Woods)
* First mushroom confirmed to have anti-HIV activity, in vitro, by both Japanese researchers and U.S. scientists. Studies with human subjects are currently ongoing in United States, Sweden, and England. *Research from mice suggests that human consumption of this mushroom in amounts up to around 45 mg per 10 pounds of body weight might show similar anti-cancer results as the mouse model. Material availability: Available in both the Stamets7 and MycoSoft formulas. Sold also as individual extract and tea. Fresh/ dry markets? |
Chinese and Japanese reports state water extracts of this mushroom, when given to mice implanted with tumors, inhibited tumor growth by more than 86%. The mouse dosage level was 1.0-10 milligrams of Maitake extract per kilogram of body weight over 10 days.
One of the polysaccharide fractions responsible for immunostimulatory activity is three-branched Beta 1,6 Glucan, known as grifolan. This polysaccharide was found in both the mycelium and the mushrooms. Research showed strong anti-tumor activity in mice against murine solid tumor, Sarcoma 180 in only 35 days, causing complete tumor regression in one-third to one-half of the trials. Alkali extracts were found to be more effective than cold or hot water infusions. Human prostatic cells grown in vitro were effectively killed (over 90% in combination with carustine) through oxidative stress to the cell wall membrane when exposed to a purified fraction of Beta 1,6 glucan (480 micro/ml.). With cancer cells grown in vitro, water extracts of Maitake significantly slowed the reproduction of T-4 leukemia and Hela cervical cancer cells. The molecular weight of the Beta 1,6 polysaccharide constituent approaches nearly 1,000,000, and yet it acts as a cytotoxic agent to cancerous cells, causing apoptosis, in vitro. This mechanism of activity - their target specificity of cancer cells - is still being investigated. Dr. Fukumi Morishige suggests that vitamin C be taken with Maitake (as well as with Ganoderma lucidum) as it helps reduce the polysaccharides into smaller, more usable chains of sugars, increasing their bioavailability. A recent analysis of organically-grown Maitake fruitbodies showed Beta-glucan levels at 14.5%. |
In vitro studies at the National Cancer Institute of the powdered fruitbodies (sulfated fraction) of show significant activity against HIV (AIDS) virus. Extracts compared favorably with AZT but with no negative side effects.
A protein-bound polysaccharide (D-fraction) is particularly effective via oral administration. How these polysaccharides activate the mammalian immune system is still being studied. However, an increase in helper 'T' cells has been seen with some AIDS patients. With other AIDS patients, the decline in helper 'T' cells is interrupted. Much more research will be published in the next few years. |
Other medicinal claims for this mushroom include reduction of blood pressure, diabetes, cholesterol, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and a wide variety of cancers. | |
| Polyporus umbellatus (Zhu Ling or Umbrella Polypore)
* This mushroom has been heralded to possess potent anticancer, immunopotentiating properties. However, few scientific studies have been conducted, and none by Western researchers. Material availability: Extracts exist in both the Stamets7 and MycoSoft extracts. Sold as a tea or as individual extract. Fresh/ dry markets? |
Unpublished gossip that water extracts (tea) of this mushroom, when given to lung cancer patients after radiation therapy, resulted in complete recovery in the majority of the patients. The patients continued a regiment of Zhu Ling tea for several years. Quality of life of the patients dramatically improved, characterized by increased appetites, absence of malaise, and normalization of immune function. The majority of those patients not given Zhu Ling died.
Other Chinese reports of strong inhibitory effects Zhu Ling had on Sarcoma 180 tumors implanted in mice. Taken orally or intravenously, Zhu ling is widely used as a traditional drug for preventing the spread of lung cancer. Modern day treatments using Zhu Ling often accompany radiation therapy. Reports that mice, when implanted with Sarcoma 180 were given a dose of 1 mg of Zhu Ling per kilogram of body weight, tumors were reduced by 50% compared to other mice. Reported 70% reduction of tumor weight in mice. Other researchers noted the anti-sarcoma properties of this fungus. Chinese physicians are using extracts of Zhu Ling sclerotia in the treatment of lung cancer, cervix cancer, esophagus cancer, liver cancer, intestine cancer, leukemia, mammary gland cancer, and lymphosarcoma. |
Water extracts (tea) of Zhu Ling totally inhibited the growth of a pyrimethamine-resistant strain of malaria.
Many medical researchers have expressed extreme interest in all higher fungi that undergo a sclerotial stage for a potential source for novel antibiotics, antipathogen, anticancer, and antiviral drugs. |
||
| Trametes versicolor (Turkey Tail or Yun Zhi Mushroom)
* Both PSK and PSP are present in the mycelium and can be extracted from fermented cultures. Material availability: Turkey Tail is not present in the Stamets7 and MycoSoft formulas. It is found in on of the Stamets7 capsule versions, however. The extract is sold individually at $19.95/ oz from Fungi.com. Cultures/ kits? Fresh/ dry market? |
Trametes versicolor is the source of PSK, commercially known as Krestin, responsible for several hundred million dollars of sales as an approved anticancer drug in Asia.
In clinical studies of patients afflicted with gastric cancer and treated with chemotherapy, patients showed a decrease in recurrence and an increase in the disease-free survival rate when treatment was combined with a regimen of using the protein-bound polysaccharide (PSK) from Trametes versicolor. By all measures, the treatment was clearly cost-effective. PSK reduces cancer metastasis. (Kobayashi et al. 1995). PSK stimulated interleukin-1 production in human cells (Sakagami et al. 1993). Reports that a polysaccharide peptide (CVP) and its refined form (RPSP) have not only anti-tumor properties, but elicit an immunomodulating response by inhibiting the proliferation of human leukemia (HL-60) cells while not affecting the growth of normal human peripheral lymphocytes. Two clinical studies in the United States using arabinoxylane, a product from fermenting Trametes versicolor, Lentinula edodes (Shiitake), and Schizophyllum commune, on rice that showed dramatic fivefold increase in NK activity within 2 months of treatment. |
A highly water-soluble, low-cytotoxic polysaccharopeptide (PSP) isolated from this mushroom has been proposed as an antiviral agent inhibiting HIV replication.
PSP is a classic biological response modifier (BRM), inducing gamma interferon, interleukin-2, and T-cell proliferation, differing chemically from PSK in that it has rhamnose and arbinose while PSK does not but has fucose (Ng 1998). PSK also has been found to be a strong antibiotic, effective against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albincans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and other microbes pathogenic to humans. |
PSK was also found to be a scavenger of free-radical oxidizing compounds (superoxide anions) through the production of manganese super-oxide dismutases.
A smaller polypeptide (SPCV, 10,000 m.w.) significantly inhibited the growth of leukemia cells. Protein-bound polysaccharides of Trametes versicolor express superoxide dismutase (antioxidating) mimicking activity. Coriolus versicolor polysaccharides (CVP) enhanced the recovery of spleen cells subsequent to gamma irradiation. |
|
| Hericium erinaceus (Lion's Mane)
Material availability: Found in the Stamets7 formula, but not MycoSoft. Cultures & kits? Fresh/ dry markets? |
Chinese reports that ingestion of this mushroom is said to have a remarkable effect in extending the life of cancer-ridden patients.
Chinese reports that pills of this mushroom are used in the treatment of gastric and esophageal carcinoma. |
Chinese reports that H. erinaceus, in tablet form, proved to be effective on ulcers, inflammations, and tumors of the alimentary canal.
A patent recently awarded in Japan (#05391544) showed that this mushroom produces Eninacines (sic) (=erinacines), which are strong stimulators to nerve growth factor synthesis. These compounds stimulate neurons to regrow, potentially significant in the treatment of senility, Alzheimer's disease, repairing neurological trauma from strokes, improving muscle/motor response pathways, and cognitive function. |
||
| Auricularia polytricha (Wood Ears)
Material availability: Fresh/ dry markets? Cultures & kits? Not found in Stamets7 or MycoSoft formulas. |
Chinese reports that this mushroom is 80 and 90% effective against Ehrlich carcinoma and Sarcoma 180, respectively.
A water-insoluble glucan similar to Beta 1-3 D-glucans and Beta 1-6 D-glucans (560,000-610,000 m.w.) were isolated from the hot-water extract of the fruiting bodies. In vitro tests showed potent anti-tumor activity against the solid form of Sarcoma 180. |
Mushroom contains an anticoagulant effective in breaking up blood clots.
The water-soluble polysaccharide fraction from Wood Ear had a hypoglycemic effect on genetically diabetic mice. |
CAUTION: Mushroom induces Szechwan Restaurant Syndrome (a.k.a. Szechwan Purpura. Can cause failure of blood to clot with wounds. Known to induce blotchy hemorrhages on the face. Use should be very cautious among patients undergoing surgery. | |
| Tramella fuciformis (White Jelly Mushrooms)
* One of the more complete descriptions of its medicinal properties can be found in Christopher Hobb's book Medicinal Mushrooms, Botanica Press. Material availability: Cultures/ kits? Fresh/ dry markets? |
Mushroom produces highly water-soluble acidic hetero-polysaccharides, containing xylose, glucuronic acid, mannose, and glucose.
Tramella polysaccharides have been studied from their anti-tumor properties. Three heteroglycans isolated from the fruitbodies induced human monocytes to produce interleukin-1 and interleukin-6. |
Extracts from this mushroom are reported to protect canine liver cells from radiation damage
Used for the treatment of liver diseases. |
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